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OmegaPure Human Nutrition Research

Universities and other institutions across the country have conducted numerous studies to better understand the benefits of omega-3 fatty acids in human nutrition. This section contains a collection of published scientific studies that support the benefits of omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil in human health.

Please select your category of interest for a list of topics.

Brain and Nervous System

Brain Function
- Brain Development
  - - Nutrition in Brain Development and Aging: Role of Essential Fatty Acids
- IQ
  - - Why Fat is Essential for a Healthy Mind
    - Effect of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in infant formula on problem solving at 10 months of age.
- Dyslexia
  - - Dark adaptation, motor skills, docosahexaenoic acid, and dyslexia
- Dementia
  - - Fatty acid analysis of blood plasma of patients with alzheimer's disease, other types of dementia, and cognitive impairment
- Alzheimer's
  - - Consumption of Fish and n-3 Fatty Acids & Risk of Incident Alzheimer Disease
    - Fish consumption, n-3 fatty acids, and subsequent 5-y cognitive decline in elderly men
    - Plasma phosphatidylcholine docosahexaenoic acid content and risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease
    - Omega-3 fatty acid treatment in 174 patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer disease
    - Cognitive decline and fatty acid composition of erythrocyte membranes – The EVA Study
    - Polyunsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants, and cognitive function in very old men
- ADD/ADHD
  - - Effects of an open-label pilot study with high-dose EPA/DHA concentrates on plasma phospholipids and behavior in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
    - Fatty acid status and behavioural symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in adolescents: A case-control study
    - Plasma, red blood cells phospholipids and clinical evaluation after long chain omega-3 supplementation in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
    - Effects of an open-label pilot study with high-dose EPA/DHA concentrates on plasma phospholipids and behavior in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
    - Effect of supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids and micronutrients on learning and behavior problems associated with child ADHD
    - The Oxford-Durham study: a randomized, controlled trial of dietary supplementation with fatty acids in children with developmental coordination disorder
    - Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
    - Essential fatty acid metabolism in boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
    - Clinical characteristics and serum essential fatty acid levels in hyperactive children
- Depression and Suicide
  - - EPA but Not DHA Appears To Be Responsible for the Efficacy of Omega-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation in Depression: Evidence from a Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
    - Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids decrease feelings of anger in substance abusers
    - dose-ranging study of the effects of ethyl-eicosapentaenoate in patients with ongoing depression despite apparently adequate treatment with standard drugs
    - Fish consumption, depression, and suicidality in a general population
    - Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in the diet and in red blood cell membranes of depressed patients
    - Essential fatty acids predict metabolites of serotonin and dopamine in cerebrospinal fluid among healthy control subjects, and early- and late-onset alcoholics
    - Arachidonic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid ratio in blood correlates positively with clinical symptoms of depression
    - Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and depression: when cholesterol does not satisfy
- Aggression
- Anxiety and Stress
  - - A Solid Dietary Fat Containing Fish Oil Redistributes Lipoprotein
- Vision
  - Retinopathy
  - Cataracts
  - Dry Eye Syndrome
  - Macular Degeneration
    - - 3 Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and 12-y incidence of neovascular age-related macular degeneration and central geographic atrophy: AREDS report 30, a prospective cohort study from the Age-Related Eye Disease Study1
      - Oily fish consumption, dietary docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid intakes, and associations with neovascular age-related macular degeneration
      - Dietary Fatty Acids and the 5-Year Incidence of Age-Related Maculopathy
  - - Meta-Analysis of Dietary Essential FA & LCPUFA as they Relate to Visual Resolution Acuity in Healthy Preterm Infants

Neurological Disorders and Disease
- Bi-Polar Disorder
- Schizophrenia
  - - Polyunsaturated fatty acid (fish or evening primrose oil) for schizophrenia
- Autism
- Multiple Sclerosis
- Lou Gehrig's Disease
- Parkinson's Disease
- Stroke
  - - Dietary intervention with oil rich fish reduces platelet-monocyte aggregation in man
    - Association of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with stability of atherosclerotic plaques: a randomised controlled trial
    - Intake of fish and omega-3 fatty acids and risk of stroke in women
    - Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on glucose homeostasis and blood pressure in essential hypertension
    - Dietary intake and cell membrane levels of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the risk of primary cardiac arrest
    - Usefulness of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and the Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease
    - Association of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with stability of atherosclerotic plaques: a randomised controlled trial

Cardiovascular and Circulatory Systems

Atherosclerosis
- - Marine-derived n-3 fatty acids and atherosclerosis in Japanese, Japanese-American, and white men.
  - Intakes of long-chain omega-3 fatty acid associated with reduced risk for death from coronary heart disease in healthy adults
  - Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 concentrations in plasma are associated with the extent of coronary artery disease and correlate to adipose tissue levels of marine n-3 fatty acids
  - Dietary intervention with oil rich fish reduces platelet-monocyte aggregation in man.
  - Intake of Fish and n3 Fatty Acids and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Among Japanese: The Japan Public Health Center-Based (JPHC) Study Cohort I.
  - Effect of different antilipidemic agents and diets on mortality
  - Association of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with stability of atherosclerotic plaques: a randomised controlled trial.
  - n-3 Fatty acids and the prevention of coronary atherosclerosis
  - The effect of dietary omega-3 fatty acids on coronary atherosclerosis.

Protection and Anti-inflammatory

Triglycerides
- - Oily fish reduces plasma triacylglycerols: a primary prevention study in overweight men and women
  - Effects of four doses of n-3 fatty acids given to hyperlipidemic patients for six months

Cholesterol
- - Effect of garlic and fish-oil supplementation on serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in hypercholesterolemic men.

Angina
- - Effects of low-dose fish oil concentrate on angina, exercise tolerance time, serum triglycerides, and platelet function

Heart Attack
- - n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids, fatal ischemic heart disease, and nonfatal myocardial infarction in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study
  - Association between n-3 fatty acid consumption and ventricular ectopy after myocardial infarction.
  - Blood concentrations of individual long-chain n–3 fatty acids and risk of nonfatal myocardial infarction1
  - Effects of fish-oil supplementation on myocardial fatty acids in humans.
  - The Fish in Secondary Prevention of Heart Disease (FISH) Survey—Primary Care Physicians and Omega-3 Fatty Acid Prescribing Practice.
  - N-3 fatty acids: priority for post-myocardial infarction clinical trials.
  - Efficacy of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after myocardial infarction: results of GISSI-Prevenzione trial.
  - Early protection against sudden death by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after myocardial infarction: time-course analysis of the results of GISSI-Prevenzione.
  - Fish consumption and risk of sudden cardiac death.
  - Use of fish oils appears to reduce infarct size as estimated from peak creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activities.
  - Fish consumption, n-3 fatty acids in cell membranes, and heart rate variability in survivors of myocardial infarction with left ventricular dysfunction.
  - Dietary intake and cell membrane levels of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the risk of primary cardiac arrest.

Heart Rate and Arrhythmias
- - Antiarrhythmic effects of omega-3 fatty acids: from epidemiology to bedside.
  - Heart rate variability and fatty acid content of blood cell membranes: a dose-response study with n-3 fatty acids.

Stroke
- - Intake of fish and omega-3 fatty acids and risk of stroke in women

Blood Pressure and Hypertension

Heart Transplantation
- - Hypertension prophylaxis with omega-3 fatty acids in heart transplant recipients

Heart Diseases
- Cardiovascular Disease
  - - Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 concentrations in plasma are associated with the extent of coronary artery disease and correlate to adipose tissue levels of marine n-3 fatty acids.
    - Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease
    - New evidence in support of the cardiovascular benefit of long-chain n-3 fatty acids
    - Fish-oil concentrate: effects of variables related to cardiovascular disease
- Coronary Heart Disease
  - - n-3 Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce risk of coronary heart disease death: extending the evidence to the elderly1
    - C-reactive protein, dietary n-3 fatty acids, and the extent of coronary artery disease
    - n-3 fatty acids in adipose tissue and coronary artery disease are inversely related
    - Blood omega-3 and trans fatty acids in middle-aged acute coronary syndrome patients.
    - Fish and long-chain omega-3 fatty acid intake and risk of coronary heart disease and total mortality in diabetic women.
    - Fish and omega-3 fatty acid intake and risk of coronary heart disease in women.
    - Fish oil-derived fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid and docosapentaenoic acid, and the risk of acute coronary events.
    - Serum fatty acids and the risk of coronary heart disease.

Respiratory System

Asthma
- - Dietary supplementation with fish oil rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in children with bronchial asthma
  - Dietary supplementation with fish oil rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in children with bronchial asthma
  - Reduced asthma symptoms with n-3 fatty acid ingestion are related to 5- series leukotriene production
  - Consumption of oily fish and childhood asthma risk
  - Essential fatty acid metabolism in boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
  - Effect of a fish oil diet on asthma: results of a 1-year double-blind study

Emphysema
- - Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and smoking-related chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Cystic Fibrosis
- - Effect of an 8-month treatment with omega-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic) in patients with cystic fibrosis
  - The use of an intravenous fish oil emulsion enriched with omega-3 fatty acids in patients with cystic fibrosis
  - Eicosapentaenoic acid in cystic fibrosis: evidence of a pathogenetic role for leukotriene B4
  - Increase of long chain omega-3 fatty acids in the major serum lipid classes of patients with cystic fibrosis

ARDS

Chronic Lung Disease
- - Role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in lung disease

Smokers

Skeletal System

Tooth Loss

Rheumatoid Arthritis
- - Antioxidants and fatty acids in the amelioration of rheumatoid arthritis and related disorders
  - Abnormal fatty acid pattern in rheumatoid arthritis - A rationale for treatment with marine and botanical lipids
  - n-3 fatty acid supplements in rheumatoid arthritis
  - Effects of high-dose fish oil on rheumatoid arthritis after stopping nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
  - Linoleate inhibits EPA incorporation from dietary fish-oil supplements in human subjects
  - Fish-oil fatty acid supplementation in active rheumatoid arthritis: A double-blinded, controlled, crossover study

Bone Density

Bone Development
- - Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Skeletal Health
  - Modulatory effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on osteoblast function and bone metabolism

Joint Health
- - Beating Arthritis with the Right Food Choices

Dermatological System

Acne

Eczema

Psoriasis
- - Omega-3 fatty acid-based lipid infusion in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis: results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial
  - Combination therapy with low-dose etretinate and eicosapentaenoic acid for psoriasis vulgaris
  - Topical fish oil in psoriasis: a controlled and blind study
  - Linoleate inhibits EPA incorporation from dietary fish-oil supplements in human subjects
  - double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial of fish oil in psoriasis

Muscular System

Fibromyalgia

Digestive System

Ulcers

Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- - Prevalence of essential fatty acid deficiency in patients with chronic gastrointestinal disorders
  - Fish oil fatty acid supplementation in active ulcerative colitis: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study
  - Treatment of ulcerative colitis with fish oil n-3-omega fatty acid: an open trial

Chron's Disease
- - Fish oil and antioxidants alter the composition and function of circulating mononuclear cells in Crohn disease
  - Effect of an enteric-coated fish-oil preparation on relapses in Crohn's disease

Intestinal Disorders

Immune System

AIDS

Lupus

Other Autoimmune Diseases
- - Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Inflammation and Autoimmune Diseases

Reproductive System

Male Reproductive System
- Prostate Health

Female Reproductive System
- Breastfeeding
  - - Associations of maternal fish intake during pregnancy and breastfeeding duration with attainment of developmental milestones in early childhood: a study from the Danish National Birth Cohort
    - The composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids in erythrocytes of lactating mothers and their infants
    - Comparison of the peripartum and postpartum phospholipid polyunsaturated fatty acid profiles of lactating and nonlactating women
    - Docosahexaenoic acid transfer into human milk after dietary supplementation: a randomized clinical trial
    - Breast-fed infants achieve a higher rate of brain and whole body docosahexaenoate accumulation than formula-fed infants not consuming dietary docosahexaenoate
    - Effect of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation of lactating women on the fatty acid composition of breast milk lipids and maternal and infant plasma phospholipids
- Formula
  - - Marine oils in infant formulae
- Infant Development
  - - Fish oil supplementation modulates immune function in healthy infants
    - Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and development of human infants
    - Docosahexaenoic acid status and developmental quotient of healthy term infants
    - Associations of maternal fish intake during pregnancy and breastfeeding duration with attainment of developmental milestones in early childhood: a study from the Danish National Birth Cohort
- Pregnancy
  - - Essential n-3 fatty acids in pregnant women and early visual acuity maturation in term infants
    - Maternal n-3, n-6, and trans fatty acid profile early in pregnancy and term birth weight: a prospective cohort study
    - Maternal fish consumption, hair mercury, and infant cognition in a U.S. cohort
    - Maternal consumption of a docosahexaenoic acid-containing functional food during pregnancy
    - Cognitive assessment of children at age 2½ years after maternal fish oil supplementation in pregnancy
    - Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid requirements during pregnancy and lactation
    - Maternal seafood consumption in pregnancy and neurodevelopmental outcomes in childhood (ALSPAC study): an observational cohort study.
    - Maternal supplementation with very-long-chain n-3 fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation augments children's IQ at 4 years of age.
    - Low consumption of seafood in early pregnancy as a risk factor for preterm delivery: prospective cohort study
    - Increased docosahexaenoic acid levels in human newborn infants by administration of sardines and fish oil during pregnancy
- Menopause
- HPV
- Premenstrual Syndrome
  - - Menstrual pain in Danish women correlated with low n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake

Endocrine System

Diabetes
- - Fish Oil Improves Arterial Compliance in Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
  - Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Intake and Islet Autoimmunity in Children at Increased Risk for Type 1 Diabetes
  - Fish and long-chain omega-3 fatty acid intake and risk of coronary heart disease and total mortality in diabetic women
  - Moderate intake of n-3 fatty acids for 2 months has no detrimental effect on glucose metabolism and could ameliorate the lipid profile in type 2 diabetic men
  - Effect of high fiber intake in fish oil-treated patients with non- insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
  - Long-term effects of fish oil on insulin resistance and plasma lipoproteins in NIDDM patients with hypertriglyceridemia
  - Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on glucose homeostasis and blood pressure in essential hypertension
  - A comparison of fish oil or corn oil supplements in hyperlipidemic subjects with NIDDM
  - Addition of eicosapentaenoic acid to gamma-linolenic acid: supplemented diets prevent serum arachidonic acid accumulation in humans

Urinary System

Kidneys

Dialysis Patients

Weight Control

Loss
- - The effect of an oral nutritional supplement enriched with fish oil on weight-loss in patients with pancreatic cancer

Maintenance
- - Combining fish-oil supplements with regular aerobic exercise improves body composition and cardiovascular disease risk factors
  - Total fat intake modifies plasma fatty acid composition in humans

Cancer

Breast
- - Erythrocyte Membrane Fatty Acids and Subsequent Breast Cancer: a Prospective Italian Study
  - Adipose Tissue Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acid Content and Breast Cancer in the EURAMIC Study

Prostate
- - A Prospective Study of Intake of Fish and Marine Fatty Acids and Prostate Cancer
  - Modulation of prostate cancer genetic risk by omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids
  - A 22-y prospective study of fish intake in relation to prostate cancer incidence and mortality
  - Promotion of prostatic metastatic migration towards human bone marrow stoma by Omega 6 and its inhibition by Omega 3 PUFAs
  - Dietary intake of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids and the risk of prostate cancer

Colorectal

Kidney
- - Long-term Fatty Fish Consumption and Renal Cell Carcinoma Incidence in Women

Liver

Lymph

Colon
- - Changes of the mucosal n3 and n6 fatty acid status occur early in the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence

Lung
- - Dietary factors and lung cancer risk in Japanese with special reference to fish consumption and adenocarcinomas

FDA Regulations

Functional Foods

Omega-3 Deficiency